Tech giants Google, Microsoft and Facebook are all applying the lessons of machine learning to translation, but a small company called DeepL has outdone them all and raised the bar for the field. Its translation tool is just as quick as the outsized competition, but more accurate and nuanced than any we’ve tried. TechCrunch.Elections 2024. Part 2. Coverage and analysis of the UK local and mayoral elections on 2 May 2024. Programme website. Browse the TV Guide for programmes from the BBC.Topics specifically discussed include the functions of English and Creole (Patois) in the society and attitudes to these varieties, the origins, development and present state of English in Jamaica, the role of language in education and various proposals for taking Creole into account in classroom teaching. Learn Jamaican Language & Culture. ... Translate English phrases to Jamaican Patois with our free Patwah Translator Translate. Latest Articles. Jamaican Patois 101 ... Jamaican English. English is the official language of Jamaica, but Jamaicans also speak Jamaican Creole (a distinct language that evolved from English and West African languages like Akan). Just like other regional dialects, Jamaican English has unique features and many of its own rules:Richard Nordquist. Updated on January 16, 2019. Caribbean English is a general term for the many varieties of the English language used in the Caribbean archipelago and on the Caribbean coast of Central America (including Nicaragua, Panama, and Guyana). "In the simplest terms," says Shondel Nero, "Caribbean English is a …Beginner Patwah is a self-study course divided into loosely themed units consisting of grammar, vocabulary, and pronunciation lessons; cultural tips; and assorted listening …With this patois translator/patwa translator you will be able to learn Jamaican phrases by translating phrase such as how are you or hello and in due time you will be able to create your own jamaica pharses. By using this tool for sometime you will be able to speak like a jamaican. Currently the best english to jamaican patois translator ...This form of English is used in commerce, government, media and education. It’s important to note, however, that Jamaicans are predominantly bilingual and also speak Jamaican Patois (also known as Jamaican Patwa or Creole), which is a combination of English and some African languages. The language has a distinctive rhythmic and melodic quality.Jamaican Patwah Translator is a free app that contains patois words, definitions, translations and examples. - Works offline. - Fast access and immediate translation. - Translate English to... We offer a variety of resources: Free online translation from English into Jamaican Patois and back, English-Jamaican Patois dictionary with transcription, pronunciation, and examples of usage. Jamaican Patwah. The Atlas of Pidgin and Creole Language Structures states that “during the second half of the seventeenth century, the European population was made up of soldiers, merchants, and colonists from the eastern Caribbean, Ireland, England, and Scotland,” (Farquharson); hence, prior to being imported to Jamaica during Britain’s occupation of ...It started developing in the late 17th century when English colonizers brought West African slaves to their plantations. Over time, the language evolved and incorporated elements of Spanish, Portuguese, and other languages. Today, Jamaican Patois is spoken by millions of people worldwide, particularly in Jamaica and other parts of the Caribbean ...English Translation: Thank You. Definition This is a common way of saying thank you in Jamaica. It is often said with a strong accent and a lot of emphasis on the "yuh" part. "Tanks" is another common way Jamaicans say thank you. It carries a casual and laid-back tone and is often used in informal settings among friends and family.Jamaica's main vernacular language is the English-lexified Jamaican Creole called Patwa, a language of ethnic/national identification, largely unintelligible to non-Jamaicans. Patwa, which comprises the basilect and mesolect of a Creole continuum, is not genetically descended from its English or African input languages. The acrolect, Standard …Jamaican Patwah Translator is a free app that contains patois words, definitions, translations and examples. - Works offline. - Fast access and immediate translation. - Translate English to...Learn how to speak Jamaican patios/patwa by learning basic "Introductions" in patois/ patwa in our video series "Speak Jamaican Patois". Visit our Jamaican ...It can be used in most situations. Hi/hey – Yow. Yow is a super informal Jamaican greeting that you’ll hear all the time in Jamaica. It can also be used to get someone’s attention. This phrase is often extended to ‘ yow mi boss ’ or ‘yow mi general ’. These are mostly used by young people, mainly young men. Jamaican (Jimiekn / Patwah) Jamaican is an English-based Creole with influences from languages of West and Central Africa. It developed during the 17th century and includes significant influences from various dialects of English, especially those of Scotland and Ireland. Over 4 million people speak Jamaican, most of whom live in Jamaica. Iyaric, also known as Dread Talk, is the Rastafari language created in defiance of English as an imposed colonial language that facilitated the loss of African languages among enslaved Afro-Caribbeans. Iyaric incorporates elements of African languages such as Twi, Yoruba, and Bantu, which were brought to Jamaica by … Are you visiting Jamaica soon or have Jamaican friends? Do you know how to Speak Jamaican Patois? These 80 Jamaican patois sentences cover most of what you will need to get by on your visit to Jamaica or in conversations with your Jamaican friends. “A fe mi cyar.” Translation: “It’s my car.” “Mi ah guh lef tiday.” With this patois translator/patwa translator you will be able to learn Jamaican phrases by translating phrase such as how are you or hello and in due time you will be able to create your own jamaica pharses. By using this tool for sometime you will be able to speak like a jamaican. Currently the best english to jamaican patois translator ...Language attitudes and linguis t ic awareness in Ja maican English . One could interpret these results to indicate that there is an awareness of the fre-. quent use of past tense in past-in-the ...Jamaica’s official language is English, but we also speak Jamaican or Patois (or Patwa) - a colorful, descriptive and emphatic creole dialect that has been shaped by our African, …English has been present in Jamaica since 1655 when it was captured from the Spanish. The majority of the population nowadays is of African descent due to the slave trade. The second largest part of the population is multiracial. Although English is the official language of Jamaica, the majority of the population speak Jamaican Patois.But the point I wish to make here is that Jamaican is quite distinct from English, is rule-governed (has a grammar of its own); has its own ‘standard’, has a community of native speakers, is capable of expressing in writing any concept that can be expressed in English or any other language; and certainly can be expressed orthographically in ... There is a heated debate amongst Jamaicans on whether "patois" (patwah) is a language or an English "dialect". If you don't know Jamaican patois (patwah) it definitely sounds like another language. Below is a list of 20 Essential Jamaican Patois phrases translated to English. Jamaican Creole is one of the major Atlantic English-lexifier creoles spoken in the Caribbean. In Jamaica, this creole is popularly labelled as ‘Patwa’ (Devonish & Harry 2004: 441). There is a widely-held view in Jamaica that a post-creole continuum exists. The continuum is between Jamaican English and Jamaican Creole (Meade 2001: 19).Definition One of the most popular swear words in Jamaica. Bumbo means bottom, claat is the Jamaican pronunciation of cloth. "Bumboclaat" literally refers to either menstrual pads or toilet paper. it is mostly used as an exclamation of shock, surprise, anger, frustration or for any other intense emotions. Bumboclaat is actually a very vulgar ...360,000,000. Native to: Jamaica, Panama, Costa Rica, Colombia (San Andrés y Providencia). 3,200,000. In the English - Jamaican Creole English dictionary you will find phrases with translations, examples, pronunciation and pictures. Translation is fast and saves you time.Languages Spoken In Jamaica The many languages that can be heard throughout both rural and urban Jamaica are a reflection of the country’s vast ethnic and cultural diversity. English is the official language of Jamaica and is used for all official purposes, including being the language of government, education and media.Jamaican (Jimiekn / Patwah) Jamaican is an English-based Creole with influences from languages of West and Central Africa. It developed during the 17th century and includes significant influences from various dialects of English, especially those of Scotland and Ireland. Over 4 million people speak Jamaican, most of whom live in Jamaica.Feb 28, 2023 · Jamaican literature and music found an international audience, introducing Patwa to the world. As Jamaicans left the island and settled in different countries, so did Patwa. “As Jamaicans migrated to seek work in Panama, Honduras and Cuba, and later to London, Brooklyn and Toronto, they took their language with them” (Chang, 2021). Dec 24, 2023 · Over time, Jamaican Patois evolved and became increasingly distinct from the English language. The language was influenced by various other languages, including Spanish, Portuguese, and French. This was partly due to Jamaica's position as a center of international trade and commerce, and the language was influenced by the many different ... Jamaican (Jimiekn / Patwah) Jamaican is an English-based Creole with influences from languages of West and Central Africa. It developed during the 17th century and includes significant influences from various dialects of English, especially those of Scotland and Ireland. Over 4 million people speak Jamaican, most of whom live in Jamaica. One of the most significant contributions to the Jamaican language was the English language. It became the official language of Jamaica under British rule and was spoken by the elite and educated classes. However, its influence on Jamaican Creole was limited, and the language developed its distinct phonology, grammar, and vocabulary. ...He highlighted a survey from 2005 that showed 70% of Jamaicans were in favour of having bilingual schools that teach in standard English and Patois, a dramatic switch from the 1950s when the ...Currently the best english to jamaican patois translator, translate english to jamaican patois/patwa, learn jamaican patois the easy way. What is patois? Translator; About Us ... Patois/Patwa is the native spoken creole language in Jamaica. This is an english based creole langauge or some may even call it a slang.Browse Dictionary by Categories. Jamaican Expressions (484) Curse Words (55) Insult Words (107) Greetings (48) Dirty (225) Rastafarian (117) Love (10) Dancehall (109)English has been present in Jamaica since 1655 when it was captured from the Spanish. The majority of the population nowadays is of African descent due to the slave trade. The second largest part of the population is multiracial. Although English is the official language of Jamaica, the majority of the population speak Jamaican Patois.Jamaica is an island country in the Caribbean; it is part of the Greater Antilles. The island, 10,990 square kilometres (4,240 sq mi) in area, lies about 140 kilometres (87 mi) south of Cuba, and 191 kilometres (119 mi) west of Hispaniola. Its capital city is Kingston; other towns include Montego Bay, St. Ann's Bay and Spanish Town. Jamaicanize is a free Jamaican Patois translator to translate English to Jamaican Patwah. Learn Jamaican patois words and phrases like, . Jan 22, 2024 · Jamaican Patois, often simply called Patois, is an English-based creole language with West African influences, reflecting the diverse history of the island. It originated during the 17th century when enslaved Africans were forced to adapt to the English-speaking environment, blending their native tongues with the English they encountered. Language attitudes and linguis t ic awareness in Ja maican English . One could interpret these results to indicate that there is an awareness of the fre-. quent use of past tense in past-in-the ...support for this project, and for her longstanding commitment to issues in Jamaican language education. This project also owes a great deal of gratitude to Dr. Joseph T. Farquharson of The University of the West Indies, author of the Jamaican structure dataset, which formed part of the initial inspiration for0. English is the Official Language of Jamaica. All sorts of formal compositions in Jamaica are done in English. The system of formal education also uses English as the standard language. Jamaican English is however quite different from Jamaican Creole also considered by the Jamaicans as a kind of English. The …Jamaica is an island country in the Caribbean; it is part of the Greater Antilles. The island, 10,990 square kilometres (4,240 sq mi) in area, lies about 140 kilometres (87 mi) south of Cuba, and 191 kilometres (119 mi) west of Hispaniola. Its capital city is Kingston; other towns include Montego Bay, St. Ann's Bay and Spanish Town.Mention that the term is believed to have originated from the combination of the words "bumbo" (a slang term for the female genitals) and "clot" (a derogatory term for a cloth or rag). 3. Cultural Significance: Highlight the cultural significance of "Bumbaclot" in Jamaican language and expression. Explain that Jamaican Patois is a vibrant and ...This book offers a description and assessment of the Jamaican language situation. ... (Patois) in the society and attitudes to these varieties, the origins, development and present state of English in Jamaica, the role of language in education and various proposals for taking Creole into account in classroom teaching.Currently the best english to jamaican patois translator, translate english to jamaican patois/patwa, learn jamaican patois the easy way.Beginner Patwah is a self-study course divided into loosely themed units consisting of grammar, vocabulary, and pronunciation lessons; cultural tips; and assorted listening …Languages Spoken In Jamaica The many languages that can be heard throughout both rural and urban Jamaica are a reflection of the country’s vast ethnic and cultural diversity. English is the official language of Jamaica and is used for all official purposes, including being the language of government, education and media. We offer a variety of resources: Free online translation from English into Jamaican Patois and back, English-Jamaican Patois dictionary with transcription, pronunciation, and examples of usage. Jamaican Patwah. Jan 22, 2024 · Jamaican Patois, often simply called Patois, is an English-based creole language with West African influences, reflecting the diverse history of the island. It originated during the 17th century when enslaved Africans were forced to adapt to the English-speaking environment, blending their native tongues with the English they encountered. 1. Hello – Waah Gwaan. 2. What are you doing? – Weh u deh pan? 3. What is that? – Wah dat be? 4. Don’t worry – Nuh worry. 5. What do you want to eat? – Weh u waa’n nyam? …We offer a variety of resources: Free online translation from English into Jamaican Patois and back, English-Jamaican Patois dictionary with transcription, pronunciation, and examples of usage. Jamaican Patwah.Languages have linguistic features that include phonology, lexicon, grammar and syntax. Phonology is the sound system of a language. Lexicon is the vocabulary of the language. Grammar is the correct use of the language. And syntax is the proper arrangements of the words in a sentence within a language. These linguistic features play a different ...Jamaican Patois, known locally as just Patois, is an English-based creole language spoken primarily in Jamaica. It is the native language of Jamaicans and is spoken by approximately 3.2 million people. Although it is English-based, the Jamaican pronunciation and vocabulary are very different from English despite heavy use of English words.Jamaican Translator, allows you currently to translate from standard English to Jamaican Patois. Learn more about our language by doing quizzes about interesting topics. Translate and send your translations with your favorite Instant Messaging app to friends, families or even Jamaican natives. Learn more about patois by doing quizzes.The question of whether Jamaican Patois is merely "broken English" often sparks lively debate. At first glance, this language might seem perplexing, with its unique pronunciation, grammar, and vocabulary. However, to dismiss Jamaican Patois as a mere corruption of English would be to overlook its rich history, cultural significance, and …July 12, 2019. English is the official language of Jamaica, but that’s an insufficient response to accurately do justice to the island’s linguistic profile. So what language do Jamaicans …Topics specifically discussed include the functions of English and Creole (Patois) in the society and attitudes to these varieties, the origins, development and present state of English in Jamaica, the role of language in education and various proposals for taking Creole into account in classroom teaching.Browse Dictionary by Categories. Jamaican Expressions (484) Curse Words (55) Insult Words (107) Greetings (48) Dirty (225) Rastafarian (117) Love (10) Dancehall (109)Nov 21, 2023 · English Translation: Thank You. Definition This is a common way of saying thank you in Jamaica. It is often said with a strong accent and a lot of emphasis on the "yuh" part. "Tanks" is another common way Jamaicans say thank you. It carries a casual and laid-back tone and is often used in informal settings among friends and family. There is a heated debate amongst Jamaicans on whether "patois" (patwah) is a language or an English "dialect". If you don't know Jamaican patois (patwah) it definitely sounds like another language. Below is a list of 20 Essential Jamaican Patois phrases translated to …Mar 20, 2024 · Jamaica is regarded as a bilingual country, with two major languages in use by the population. The official language is English, which is "used in all domains of public life", including the government, the legal system, the media, and education. However, the primary spoken language is an English-based creole called Jamaican Patois (or Patwa). The two exist in a dialect continuum, with speakers ... Because it's based on English. Africans kidnapped and taken to be slaves in plantations owned by British all across the Caribbean etc. Developed their own patois language. Because it is English - not just "based on". It's the accent that …Jamaican Creole (JamC, known to its speakers as “Patwa”) is a language of ethnic identification for roughly two and a half million people in the island of Jamaica -- and overseas for many ...Currently the best english to jamaican patois translator, translate english to jamaican patois/patwa, learn jamaican patois the easy way. 3. 18 Jamaican Patois Phrases Translated to English - Jamaicans.comThe question of whether Jamaican Patois is merely "broken English" often sparks lively debate. At first glance, this language might seem perplexing, with its unique pronunciation, grammar, and vocabulary. However, to dismiss Jamaican Patois as a mere corruption of English would be to overlook its rich history, cultural significance, and …Useful phrases in Jamaican. A collection of useful phrases in Jamaican, an English-based creole with influences from languages of West and Central Africa spoken mainly in Jamaica. Note: there is no standard way of spelling Jamaican, and there are different ways of writing many words. Jump to phrasesThe Jamaican Languge Unit may be contacted at: Email: [email protected]. Telephone: 876-970-2953. WhatsApp: 876-209-9065. The Jamaican Language Unit (JLU) is a Unit in the Department of Language, Linguistics and Philosophy, UWI, Mona, with effect from September 2002. In May, 2001, representations were made to the Joint Select …Speaking with a Jamaican accent is merely speaking English while pronouncing the words similarly to how Jamaicans speak patois. Speaking Jamaican patois is a separate language in itself as a …Do you want to learn a new language for free, fun and science-based? Duolingo is the world's most popular language learning platform, with courses in over 40 languages, interactive exercises, and a supportive community. Whether you want to practice online, on your phone, or with a podcast, Duolingo has something for you. Join millions of learners …This form of English is used in commerce, government, media and education. It’s important to note, however, that Jamaicans are predominantly bilingual and also speak Jamaican Patois (also known as Jamaican Patwa or Creole), which is a combination of English and some African languages. The language has a distinctive rhythmic and melodic quality.English - Jamaican Patois Translator. Learn and understand Jamaican Patois. Jamaican Patwah is a free online dictionary that contains patois words, definitions, translations, alternative spellings …It can be used in most situations. Hi/hey – Yow. Yow is a super informal Jamaican greeting that you’ll hear all the time in Jamaica. It can also be used to get someone’s attention. This phrase is often extended to ‘ yow mi boss ’ or ‘yow mi general ’. These are mostly used by young people, mainly young men. We offer a variety of resources: Free online translation from English into Jamaican Patois and back, English-Jamaican Patois dictionary with transcription, pronunciation, and examples of usage. Jamaican Patwah. Jamaican Patois is an English-based Creole language spoken primarily in Jamaica. It has a unique blend of African, English, and other influences. It is a vibrant and colorful language that reflects Jamaica’s rich cultural heritage. It is an integral part of Jamaican culture and identity. Learning Jamaican Patois can help you connect with ...Creole languages include varieties that are based on French, such as Haitian Creole, Louisiana Creole, and Mauritian Creole; English, such as Gullah (on the Sea Islands of the southeastern United States), Jamaican Creole, Guyanese Creole, and Hawaiian Creole; and Portuguese, such as Papiamentu (in Aruba, Bonaire, and …Jamaica’s official language is English, but we also speak Jamaican or Patois (or Patwa) - a colorful, descriptive and emphatic creole dialect that has been shaped by our African, …Jamaican Patois, often simply called Patois, is an English-based creole language with West African influences, reflecting the diverse history of the island. It originated during the 17th century when enslaved Africans were forced to adapt to the English-speaking environment, blending their native tongues with the English they …We offer a variety of resources: Free online translation from English into Jamaican Patois and back, English-Jamaican Patois dictionary with transcription, pronunciation, and examples of usage. Jamaican Patwah.Tech giants Google, Microsoft and Facebook are all applying the lessons of machine learning to translation, but a small company called DeepL has outdone them all and raised the bar for the field. Its translation tool is just as quick as the outsized competition, but more accurate and nuanced than any we’ve tried. TechCrunch.This form of English is used in commerce, government, media and education. It’s important to note, however, that Jamaicans are predominantly bilingual and also speak Jamaican Patois (also known as Jamaican Patwa or Creole), which is a combination of English and some African languages. The language has a distinctive rhythmic and melodic quality.The official language of Jamaica is English, but the unofficial language is a patois. Linguists and a handful of Jamaican novelists have recently transformed this oral language into written form, although for most Jamaicans it remains solely spoken—and richly nuanced. Experts say more than 90% of the vocabulary is derived from English, with ...Jamaican Patois, known locally as Patois (Patwa or Patwah) and called Jamaican Creole by linguists, is an English-based creole language with West African influences. A majority of non-English loan words are of Akan Ashanti origin. Spoken primarily in Jamaica and among the Jamaican diaspora; it is spoken by the majority of Jamaicans as a native ... We offer a variety of resources: Free online translation from English into Jamaican Patois and back, English-Jamaican Patois dictionary with transcription, pronunciation, and examples of usage. Jamaican Patwah. We offer a variety of resources: Free online translation from English into Jamaican Patois and back, English-Jamaican Patois dictionary with transcription, pronunciation, and examples of usage. Jamaican Patwah.Description. In this course, we will be discussing the origins of Patois and how the language is formulated to make it so unique and exciting. We will be discussing ways in which Patois is different from the English language. This course will also be giving a test at the end of each section to test how well the student is learning and applying ...
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00:00. Mek mi tell unuh bout mi likkel bwoy; im luv kaan. Let me tell you about my little boy; he loves corn. //mek mi tel ʹʊnuː bɑʊt mi ʹlɪkəl bwaɪ/ɪm lʊv kaːn//. The pronoun unuh is second person plural. As you know, in Standard English we do not have a seperate form for the second person singular and plural, we just have you.In Jamaica, the primary language we use is English. Yes, the very same English you might be using to read this. It serves as the official language and is used in formal settings, education, and government communications. However, our English has a unique Jamaican flavor – a distinct rhythm and cadence that makes it undeniably …It can be used in most situations. Hi/hey – Yow. Yow is a super informal Jamaican greeting that you’ll hear all the time in Jamaica. It can also be used to get someone’s attention. This phrase is often extended to ‘ yow mi boss ’ or ‘yow mi general ’. These are mostly used by young people, mainly young men.English is the official language of schools, businesses and government in Jamaica, and is widely spoken all over the island. However, with Jamaican patois being an English based creole, this may lead to some confusion among other English speakers who may identify some words they know, but can’t quite understand what is being said. Jamaicans ...Jamaican Patwah Translator is a free app that contains patois words, definitions, translations and examples. - Works offline. - Fast access and immediate translation. - Translate English to...Learn how to translate from Jamaican to English with this online tool. Understand the meaning and usage of Jamaican patois words and phrases.Google's service, offered free of charge, instantly translates words, phrases, and web pages between English and over 100 other languages. Jamaica’s official language is English, but we also speak Jamaican or Patois (or Patwa) - a colorful, descriptive and emphatic creole dialect that has been shaped by our African, Spanish, French, Portuguese, and English colonial heritage. A beautiful symbol of our resilience, patois is the crafting of the expressions of a people, forced into ... While it shares vocabulary and some grammatical structures with English, Jamaican Patois is considered a distinct language due to its unique phonology, syntax, …With this patois translator/patwa translator you will be able to learn Jamaican phrases by translating phrase such as how are you or hello and in due time you will be able to create your own jamaica pharses. By using this tool for sometime you will be able to speak like a jamaican. Currently the best english to jamaican patois translator ...Like British English, Jamaican Standard English is a non-rhotic language 2 and according to Lawton (1984:255) there is no significant difference in comparison to Received Pronunciation 3. Moreover both languages have the same realization of vowels and consonants (Lawton 1984:255). Despite that, the prosody of both languages differ.English - Jamaican Patois Translator. Learn and understand Jamaican Patois. Jamaican Patwah is a free online dictionary that contains patois words, definitions, translations, alternative spellings … To receive a $10, $25 or $50 DISCOUNT, follow the instructions on. Select source language. Submit files (optional; up to 1 GB ea.) Upload a file. Jamaican Translation services company offering high quality professional Jamaican translation at excellent prices. Jamaican translation to or from English. Google's service, offered free of charge, instantly translates words, phrases, and web pages between English and over 100 other languages.Jamaicanize is a free Jamaican Patois translator to translate English to Jamaican Patwah. Learn Jamaican patois words and phrases with a simple Jamaican language translator. These new sovereign states elected to keep English as an official language. On 22 June 1948, the ship MV Empire Windrush arrived at Tilbury Docks, Essex, bringing workers from Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago and other West Indian islands, as a response to post-war labour shortages in the UK. The Windrush generation, as the Caribbean immigrants ... With this patois translator/patwa translator you will be able to learn Jamaican phrases by translating phrase such as how are you or hello and in due time you will be able to create your own jamaica pharses. By using this tool for sometime you will be able to speak like a jamaican. Currently the best english to jamaican patois translator ...A 1781 text from the Cornwall Chronicle was discovered somewhere around 1997 by Maureen Warner Lewis in the course of her research. It is a big discovery for linguists studying Caribbean Creole languages. It is the oldest known text of Jamaican. In addition, it is the oldest text of a Caribbean English Creole outside of Suriname.The thesis presents an in-depth analysis of language variation in Jamaican radio newscasts and talk shows. It explores the interaction of global and local varieties of English with regard to ... There is a heated debate amongst Jamaicans on whether "patois" (patwah) is a language or an English "dialect". If you don't know Jamaican patois (patwah) it definitely sounds like another language. Below is a list of 20 Essential Jamaican Patois phrases translated to English. Beginner Patwah is a self-study course divided into loosely themed units consisting of grammar, vocabulary, and pronunciation lessons; cultural tips; and assorted listening ….